Economic Overview

For the latest updates on the key economic responses from governments to address the economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic, please consult the IMF's policy tracking platform Policy Responses to COVID-19.

An economic model country for the past two decades, Peru's growth peaked at an average of 6% between 2004 and 2012. Even though Peru faced economic difficulties in the past couple of years due to the pandemic, the country's economic situation has improved, with growth levels reaching an estimated 2.7% in 2022, mainly driven by a boost in domestic demand and household consumption. The Peruvian economy is expected to continue growing in the coming years, with the IMF predicting a GDP growth of 2.6% for 2023 and 3.2% for 2024.

Peru recorded a budget deficit of 2.8% of the GDP in 2022, a rate that's expected to remain somewhat stable in 2023 and 2024, at 2.6% and 2.3%. Inflation increased to 7.5% in 2022, but the Central Bank should tighten its monetary policy to get inflation rates to decrease the target of 2% in the coming years, with the IMF forecasting a decrease to 4.4% in 2023 and 2.5% in 2024. Furthermore, public debt decreased to 34.8% of GDP in 2022 and, although that rate is expected to slightly increase to 35.7% in 2023 and remain stable in 2024, Peru still has one of the lowest debt-to-GDP ratios of Latin America thanks to the prudential fiscal policy in force since the early 2000s. Although the pandemic has significantly impacted the Peruvian economy, the fiscal measures implemented by the government have been effective in boosting economic activity, which has been gradually recovering.

Although the unemployment rate in Peru doubled during the early stages of the pandemic, unemployment has been decreasing and, in 2022, it returned to pre-pandemic levels and reached an estimated 7.6% of the labour force. According to IMF estimates, the country's unemployment rate is expected to remain stable in 2023 and 2024, at 7.4% and 7.5%, respectively. However, the informal economy continues to employ a large part of the active population. Moreover, the country has high levels of inequality, with a significant concentration of wealth, and a poverty rate of 20.2%. About 7 million Peruvians now live in poverty, 44% of whom are in rural areas. There are serious regional disparities in poverty throughout the country, with the highest numbers being in the Andean and Amazonian regions.

Foreign Trade

Peru is a member of the WTO and very open to international trade, which represents 55.5% of GDP. The country mainly exports copper (31.2%), gold (13.7%), petroleum oils (3.3%), flours (3.2%), and petroleum gas (3%), while it imports petroleum oils (11.7%), motor vehicles (5.5%), telephone sets (3.6%), automatic data processing machines and units (2.6%), and maize (2.2%).

The country's main trade partners are China, the United States, Brazil, South Korea, Japan, Canada, Argentina, and Mexico. Peru's development strategy is based on an open and competitive economy. Trade agreements, in particular, are one of the government's main targets, as these agreements are a valuable instrument for attracting FDI and boosting productivity. Nearly 95% of Peru's exports are covered by Free Trade Agreements currently in force, which enables Peruvian products to enter, subject to the rules of origin of each trade agreement, under preferential conditions to 53 countries, including Canada, Chile, China, the member countries of the European Union, Japan, Singapore, South Korea, Thailand and the United States, among others. The country is seeking to position itself as a regional hub for trade between Latin America and the APEC countries (Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation).

Peru has a structurally positive trade balance. In 2021, exports of goods increased to USD 59.4 billion, mainly due to a boost in global demand following the pandemic. Over that same period, imports also increased, totalling USD 50.8 billion. According to the WTO, imports of services in 2021 totalled USD 10.2 billion, while exports stood at USD 2.9 billion. As a result, the country recorded a positive trade balance of USD 7.4 billion in 2021. In recent years, there was a surge in mining production, as projects implemented during the previous years matured, which increased exports and offset the deceleration in domestic demand.

COVID-19 Country Response

Travel restrictions

Regularly updated travel information for all countries with regards to Covid-19 related entry regulations, flight bans, test and vaccines requirements is available on TravelDoc Infopage.
To find information about the current travel regulations, including health requirements, it is also advised to consult Travel Regulations Map provided and updated on a daily basis by IATA.

Import & export restrictions

A general overview of trade restrictions which were adopted by different countries during the COVID-19 pandemic is available on the International Trade Centre's COVID-19 Temporary Trade Measures webpage.

Economic recovery plan

For the general overview of the key economic policy responses to the COVID-19 pandemic (fiscal, monetary and macroeconomic) undertaken by the government of Peru, please consult the country's dedicated section in the IMF’s Policy Tracker platform.

Support plan for businesses

For an evaluation of impact of the Covid pandemic on SMEs and an inventory of country responses to foster SME resilience, refer to the OECD's SME Covid-19 Policy Responses document.
You can also consult the World Bank's Map of SME-Support Measures in Response to COVID-19.